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Flavonoids are phytochemical compounds present in many plants, fruits, vegetables, and leaves, with potential applications in medicinal chemistry. Flavonoids possess a number of medicinal benefits, including anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties. They also have neuroprotective and cardio-protective effects. These biological activities depend upon the type of flavonoid, its (possible) mode of action, and its bioavailability. These cost-effective medicinal components have significant biological activities, and their effectiveness has been proved for a variety of diseases. The most recent work is focused on their isolation, synthesis of their analogs, and their effects on human health using a variety of techniques and animal models. Thousands of flavonoids have been successfully isolated, and this number increases steadily. We have therefore made an effort to summarize the isolated flavonoids with useful activities in order to gain a better understanding of their effects on human health.

The non-fullerene acceptors A1-A5 with diflourobenzene or quinoline core (bridge) unit, donor cyclopenta[1,2-b:3,4-b']dithiophene unit and 2-(2-methylene-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ylidene)malononitrile as acceptor unit with additional phenyl, fulvene or thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidinyl 5-oxide groups have been designed through DFT calculations. The optimization of molecular geometries were performed with density functional theory (DFT) at B3LYP 6-31G (d,p) level of theory. The frontier molecular orbital (FMO) energies, band gap energies and dipole moments (ground and excited state) have been calculated to probe the photovoltaic properties. The band gap (1.42-2.01 eV) and dipole moment values (5.5-18. Debye) showed that these designed acceptors are good candidates for organic solar cells. Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT) results showed λ (wave length at maximum absorption) value (611-837 nm), oscillator strength (f) and excitation energies (1.50-2.02 eV) in gas phase and in CHCl solvent (1.48-1.89 eV) using integral equation formalism variant (IEFPCM) model. The λ in CHCl showed marginal red shift for all designed acceptors compared with gas phase absorption. The partial density of states (PDOS) has been plotted by using multiwfn which showed that all the designed molecules have more electronic distribution at the donor moiety and lowest at the central bridge. The reorganization energies of electron (λ ) (0.0007 eV to 0.017 eV), and the hole reorganization energy values (0.0003 eV to - 0.0403 eV) were smaller which suggested that higher charged motilities. The blends of acceptors A1-A5 with donor polymer D1 provided open circuit voltage (V ) and ∆HOMO off-set of the HOMO of donor and acceptors. These blends showed 1.04 to 1.5 eV values of V and 0 to 0.38 eV ∆HOMO off set values of the donor-acceptor bends which indicate improved performance of the cell. Finally, the blend of D1-A4 was used for the study of distribution of HOMO and LUMO. The HOMO were found distributed on the donor polymer (D1) while the A4 acceptor was found with LUMO distribution. Based on λ values, and band gap energies (E ), excitation energies (E ), reorganization energies; the A3 and A4 will prove good acceptor molecules for the development of organic solar cells.

Natural antioxidant polyphenolic compounds obtained from different plants are considered antioxidants for curing various chronic pathological diseases such as cardiovascular disorders and cancer. Quercetin (a polyphenolic flavonol) has attracted much attention from dietitians and medicinal chemists due to its wide variety of pharmacological activities, including anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive, anti-carcinogenic, anti-asthmatic, anti-viral, and antioxidant activities. Furthermore, structurally, it is well suited to stabilize emulsions. The present review depicts the important role of the quercetin nanoemulsion technique, used to enhance the solubility of target materials both in vivo and in vitro as well as to decrease the risk of degradation and metabolism of drugs. Researchers have used cryo-TEM to study the morphology of quercetin nanoemulsions. The effects of various parameters such as pH, salts, and solvent concentration on quercetin nanoemulsion have been investigated for quercetin nanoemulsion. Many studies have used UV-Vis spectroscopy and HPLC for the characterization of these particles such as solubility, stability, and encapsulating efficiency.

The present study investigates the interplay between structural composition and electrochemical characteristics of carbon-supported palladium-cerium oxide (Pd-CeO 2 ) composites. The catalysts were synthesized using the polyol method and their potential for methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) was examined. The characterization of the prepared composites are performed using X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The results confirm the crystal structure and that there was uniform dispersion of Pd nanoparticles on the carbon support. The methanol oxidation activity was strongly affected by cerium in the Pd catalyst which is observed by cyclic voltammetry. The most active PCC3 composite (Pd/C with 30 wt.% CeO 2 ) with significantly low Pd content showed remarkably higher activities than the commercial Pt/C catalyst. The Pd nanoparticles occupied the surface of CeO 2 , thus enhancing the Pd/CeO 2 interface. The higher concentration of oxygen vacancies at the CeO 2 surface developed strong interactions at Pd/CeO 2 interface which improved the MOR effectively. The maximum current density of 1740 mA cm −2 at the voltage of 0.27 V was obtained with PCC3 (30 wt.%). These results showed that the CeO 2 based Pd/C catalyst is an attractive candidate for anode material in a direct methanol fuel cell.

Most recently, educational workshops by Medical Education Research Unit offer CTFs a tailored educational programme to gain accreditation with the Academy of Medical Educators. The success and sustainability of the network in our region has been due to several factors: firstly, a network chair has been essential to coordinating the activities of the network each year - succession planning was important and so the medical school agreed for this role to be incorporated into the job description of a senior CTF; secondly, outgoing CTFs generated institutional memory by creating handover resources and finally, the CTF network has maintained a good relationship with the medical school faculty and Imperial's Educational Development Unit and Medical Education Research Unit. By enhancing their OOPEs and developing their portfolios, we hope that the network can benefit the professional development of junior doctors as clinicians, educators and healthcare leaders of the future. ?

Hanna Rosin's Nov. 9 front-page article \"In Search for Identity, Weighing Arab and American\" was insightful in explaining how Muslims are coping with the values and mores of their adopted homeland.

The whitefly ( Bemisia tabaci ) is a well-known pest of vegetables and ornamental cash crops including tomato plant. Tomato plant disorders, in many instances, are related mostly with the silver leaf whitefly ( Bemisia tabaci ) feeding. It is well thought out that tomato plant is one of the most favorable host plants for the whitefly. Thus we aimed to study distinctive morphological characteristics of the leaves in seven selected tomato varieties including trichome density, trichome length, leaf lamina thickness and RGB value (red, green, blue) and HSB value (hue, saturation, brightness). Seven hybrid F1 tomato varieties such as TO-1057, TAI-1757, T‑1359, Advanta-1247, New Super, Sultan and Super were tested for the whitefly preferences. Our study suggests that T‑1359 is the highly preferred variety for the whitefly adults (5.32 ± 0.81) and nymphs (6.30 ± 1.13) population. In contrast, Advanta-1247 exhibits the lowest population of whitefly adults (2.71 ± 0.70) and nymphs (1.88 ± 0.43). This study systematically identifies the morphological characters of the tomato plants alongside the whitefly population. The study can be potentially extended to other crops as well.

In the last ten years, whitefly has presented a serious risk to vegetables most commonly the tomatoes and natural products in the field. Another significant issue is associated with the pest management control system and insect preferences for the tomato plants. In these lines we investigate Predatory efficiency capability and capacity of Chrysoperla carnea with whitefly Bemisia tabaci in a greenhouse were study at Hyderabad, Pakistan. Larvae of Chrysoperla carnea were used against whitefly in a greenhouse. Adult, eggs and nymph of Bemisia tabaci is affected by Chrysoperla carnea. In this experiment used different numbers of larvae is attached to tomatoes plants to measure the efficiency of Chrysoperla carnea larvae. The overall mean population of whitefly indicates positive correlation with the number of larvae introduced. Highest overall mean whitefly population is observed in Un-Treated (13.11±1.614) and (4.012±0.804), the lowest count found in 10larvae/plant (7.400±0.904) and (1.363±0.561) for adult and nymph respectively. Up to 50% mortality is observed as compared to untreated plants. During this experiment, a strong negative correlation is observed between Chrysoperla carnea applied/plant and whitefly population (-0.808) and (-0.978) in adult and nymph respectively. Data also clearly showed decreased from start and after introduced Chrysoperla carnea larvae to tomato plants.

A significant issue is associated with the pest management control system and insect preferences for the tomato plants, Whiteflies masticate on the lower epidermis of the tomato plant leaves and eradicate tomato plants by diminishing the trim quality due to removal of the plant phloem, sucking out the sap, transmitting plant infections, and by discharging honeydew, which can increase leaf sheaths. Therefore, obstructing light absorption that results in less photosynthesis activity, causes the development of sooty mold. The adequacy of various sticky traps with various kinds of colors and cup traps against whitefly were assessed in tomato crops. The yellow sticky traps got whitefly adult an average of 374.2±48.65 during 24-h and 823.6±49.32 during 48h test periods per card. The wheat (fluorescent) sticky cards caught adult whitefly average of 391.4± during and 569.4±per card during a similar period. The Cup traps just got an average of 4.64±1.23 adult (Bemisia tabaci) over a 24-h and 7.28±1.12 in 48 h periods. Staying sticky traps got whitefly, sky blue or cyan (fluorescent) 299.4±49.08 and 488.9±87.34, somewhat bluish-green (fluorescent) 59±5.98 and 94.36±8.68, blue (fluorescent) 99.28±7.133 and 206.5±21.09 and red (fluorescent) 101±6.73 and 192.7±18.48, in 24h and 48h time frame individually. All traps caught other insects too. These outcomes exhibited those sticky traps with fluorescent colors more attractive and valuable to control whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) at other hand cup traps were helpful for monitoring. RGB (red, green, blue) and HSB (hue, saturation, brightness) value also estimate to check the correlation of color with whitefly. Both values showed a positive and in same negative correlation as well.